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Russian Air Force – 100 års jubilæum

Russian Air Force fejrede 100 år


100 års jubilæet af det russiske luftvåben blev fejret med et helt igennem fantastisk airshow på Zhukovsky basen.
AF: SØREN NIELSEN
Russian Air Force fejrer 100 år
Der er i disse år en del lande, der fejrer 100 år med militær flyvning, enten i form af at deres luftvåben i sig selv har 100 års jubilæum, eller som Danmark, hvor det var markeringen af 100 år med dansk militær flyvning, der blev fejret.

Vores nordiske naboer har også fejret 100 års jubilæum i år for deres luftvåben, og endnu en jubilar er at finde længere mod øst, nærmere bestemt Rusland.

Det russiske luftvåben (VVS – Voyenno- vozdushnye sily Rossii) fyldte 100 år i år, og det skulle fejres med et stort show i august på Zhukovsky basen, lidt uden for Moskva. Zhukovsky danner også rammen for MAKS, der afholdes hvert andet år.

Airshow på Zhukovsky
Showet så meget spændende ud fra den første deltagerliste kom frem. Men det var ikke nemt at få klare informationer omkring, hvordan begivenheden skulle forme sig.

Til at starte med blev det annonceret at det ville være en begivenhed over 2 dage, lørdag og søndag, som ville være åben for alle. Et par uger efter kom der et rygte om at om fredagen ville der være mulighed for at pressen kunne komme ind og overvære rehearsal showet. Blot en uge senere kom det frem at Ruslands præsident, Vladimir Putin ville komme til showet, og dermed var al adgang for offentligheden lukket af.

Som vi nærmede os show datoen i august, var det stadig meget uklart om begivenheden overhovedet ville være åben for offentligheden, eller om det, som først rygtet, var en lukket begivenhed, som kun var for nuværende og tidligere militært personale. To uger før showet kom der en hjemmeside, hvor det var muligt at tilmelde sig for at få en invitation, således at man havde mulighed for at komme ind til showet. Der var dog det lille problem at registreringssiden ikke accepterede udenlandske pasnumre!

Heldigvis kom der en ny side, hvor det var muligt for udlændinge at tilmelde sig for at få en invitation, hvilket, i første omgang, var som at en af de vigtigste brikker faldt på plads. Det skulle dog vise sig, at for at få billetterne til selve showet, skulle man personligt møde op på et billetkontor i det centrale Moskva, 2 timer i bil væk fra showet, inden for 48 timer efter man havde fået invitationen, for vise sit pas for at få udleveret billetter til showet.

Selve begivenheden endte med at være over 3 dage, rehearsal dag fredag, lukket show for Putin lørdag, og den offentlige fejring søndag – hvor det var muligt at få billetter til.


 
Lipetsk har et bredt arsenal af forskellige flyvere, her ses 4x Su-24M,
som en del af ‘Fighter’ forbiflyvningen.

“Tæt forfulgt af fem Su-27, otte MiG-29, og otte Su-25 i en perfekt ‘100’-formation.”
Super Flankeren, Su-35 og dens 2 NPO Saturn 117S thrustvectoring motorer, gav en opvisning man sent vil glemme, med manøvre man ikke troede var muligt at udføre af et fly.
Showdagen
Opvisningen startede kl 10:30 med faldskærmsudspringere over Zhukovsky, der viste det russiske flag, det russiske forsvarsministeriums flag og flaget fra det russiske flyvevåben. I en fantastisk hyldest til 100 år for VVS, var der seks Su-25’ere med hvid, blå og rød røg, de russiske nationale farver, tæt forfulgt af fem Su-27, otte MiG-29 og otte Su-25 i en perfekt ‘100’-formation. Publikum jublede og klappede i påskønnelse af dette mesterværk af en flyvende koreografi – og det var blot en lille smag af ting at komme.

‘World Legends of Aviation’
Den næste del af opvisningen var navngivet ‘World Legends of Aviation’ og indeholdt forskellige historiske fly, såsom Bleriot, Tummelisa, Po-2, TBM Avenger, F-4U Corsair, Catalina, C-47, Yak-3, Yak-9 , Yak-11, MiG- 3, Polikarpov I-15, Hurricane, B-25 Mitchell, Harvard, P-40 Kittyhawk og P-51 Mustang. De fleste af disse fly var fløjet ind fra forskellige samlinger i Europa. Men det mest bemærkelsesværdige var dog en sølv farvet MiG-15UTI, som havde en fantastisk livlig opvisning.

Jet noise!
Lyden fra de gamle motorer blev knust af lyden af efterbrændere fra den helt fantastiske Sukhoi Su-35 der lettede og trak lige op i en lodret stigning. Denne super ‘Flanker’ i sin unikke lizard splinter bemaling lavede en opvisning af sin uovertrufne manøvredygtighed, takket være sine 2 NPO Saturn 117S thrust-vectoring motorer. Opvisningen bestod blandt andet af kontrollerede spins, cobras og manøvre man blot tænker at et fly ikke skal kunne lave.

Opvisningshold
Publikum blev derefter budt på kunstflyvning i form af et solo display af en Su-31, ‘Team Russ’ der fløj L-39 Albatros jet træner og det eneste russiske professionelle piston engine kunstflyvnings hold ‘First Flight’ – flyvende i Yak-52/54. Af udenlandske opvisningshold var blandt andet, de britiske Red Arrows, de finske Midnight Hawks, polske Team Iskra og Frecce Tricolori fra Italien.

Red Arrows fløj en unik opvisning bestående af kun seks fly, da et af deres holdmedlemmer var nødt til at vende tilbage til Storbritannien på grund af sygdom i familien. Red Arrows flyver normalt ni fly, men i år er de reduceret til syv fly. Storbritanniens stolthed blev tiljublet af tilskuerne på grund af, at de vendte den normale rækkefølge af deres røg farver til istedet at danne de hvide, blå og røde farver, som af det russiske flag.

Golden Eagles
En anden unik årsdag blev også fejret på Zhukovsky, nemlig 20-årsdagen for Berkut (Golden Eagles) helikopter display teamet. Efter tidligere at have fløjet Mi-24V Hind-E kamphelikoptere, havde holdet for nylig overgået til den frygtindgydende Mi-28N Havoc – en to-sædet anti-panser angrebs helikopter som deres display helikopter.

Displayet består af en seks skibs formation, som senere bliver opdelt i en diamant af fire helikoptere til nogle dynamiske manøvrer. ‘Havoc’ displayet blev senere fulgt op af solo Mi-2 ‘Hoplite’ og Ka-52 ‘Alligator’ (Hokum B) demo. Det karakteristiske 2 bladet rotor design af Kamov ‘Alligator’ viste sig særdeles manøvredygtig, selv med sin sidemonteret kanon og de fastmonterede vinger, med seks våben stationer.


Berkut (Golden Eagles) helikopter display teamet flyver i dag 6x Mi-28N Havoc. De har tidligere fløjet Mi-24V Hind-E, men er for nyligt skiftet over til Havoc’en.
Russian Knights og Swift flyver i tæt formation, efter at en regnbyge har passeret og solen igen skinner.


Unikke formationer
De store bombeflyveres forbiflyvning fra baserne på Engels og Chaikovka var en af de mest ventede dele af denne hundredårs fest.

Den unikke formation af tre Tu-22S, tre Tu-95S, og tre Tu-160S var virkelig noget af et syn, kun forstærket af den vidunderlige lyd af de tolv Kuznetsov NK-12M turboprops på Tu-95S ‘Bear’. Transportfly forbiflyvning var også ekstraordinære, den omfattede tre An-2’ere, en An-26, An-140, An-12, An-22 samt en An-124.

Den eneste udenlandske moderne kampfly i den flyvende del af opvisning var det franske Air Force Rafale C, som var en god forandring fra alle de støjende og rygende MiG’er! Men klart ikke det vi var kommet for at se. Rafalen havde også kun lige rørt landingsbanen efter sin opvisning, da den næste formations forbiflyvningen allerede kunne ses i det fjerne. Mere russisk transport, denne gang fra den nærliggende base Chkalovsky, der udførte deres hyldest med en Let-410, Tu- 134UBK, tre Il-76s plus en ultra sjælden Il-80VKP luftbårnen command and control fly, efterfulgt af en Beriev A-50 AWACS.

Displayet består af en seks skibs formation, som senere bliver opdelt i en diamant af fire helikoptere til nogle dynamiske manøvrer. ‘Havoc’ displayet blev senere fulgt op af solo Mi-2 ‘Hoplite’ og Ka-52 ‘Alligator’ (Hokum B) demo. Det karakteristiske 2 bladet rotor design af Kamov ‘Alligator’ viste sig særdeles manøvredygtig, selv med sin sidemonteret kanon og de fastmonterede vinger, med seks våben stationer.

Et af højdepunkterne
Vi var nu kommet til endnu en af højdepunkterne på dagen, forbiflyvningen af fighters. Og her blev man ikke skuffet over denne gruppe forbiflyvninger. Fra deres baser i henholdsvis Borisoglebsk, Lipetsk, Savasleyka og Voronezh var fire Yak-130, fire Su-24, fire MiG-31 og fire Su-34. Alle disse ‘Fencers’, ‘Foxhounds’ og ‘Fullbacks’ gjorde hele rejsen, og den kamp det havde været for at komme derover, det hele værd.

Der var knap nok tid til at få trukket vejret før lyden af rotorer kunne høres. Den enorme Mi-26 heavy transport helikopter dukkede op, flankeret af fire Mi-8s, efterfulgt af et par Mi- 35s, og derefter passerede tre Kazan Ansat utility helikoptere.

Stilheden bredte sig efter helikopterne var ude af opvisnings området, men den stilhed blev pludselig brudt af ankomsten af fire MiG-29 fra Astrachan, der ville vise hvordan en dogfight skulle udføres.

Flyvende i “Fulcrum-A ‘varianten af denne air superiority fighter, delte de sig straks op i par og udført en mock-up luftduel foran publikum. Og hvilken luftduel det var! Flares og tæt formation hvor 2 MiG-29 jager 2 andre MiG-29 – kan det fåes bedre?


Lipetsk forbiflyvningen bestod af 4x Su-34, 4x Su-27 og 2x MiG-29
‘Fighter’ forbiflyvningen indeholdt mange spændende flyvere, f.eks. disse 4x MiG-31
fra Savasleyka.

Røgen i horisonten
Det kunne det! Mere sort røg i horisonten varslede ankomsten af en anden fighter. Denne gang var det Lipetsk’s tur til at forbløffe publikum. Fire Su-27, fire Su-34 og to MiG-29 ankom i formation, hvor de efterfølgende lavede et split i de enkelte typer. De to MiG-29 kom tilbage, og lavede en fantastisk opvisning, i tæt formation og crossovers lige foran publikum.

De overgav derefter himmelen til de fire Su-34, som kom tilbage i formation, for at lave et break foran publikum, hvorefter en ‘Fullback’ kom tilbage for at demonstrere magt og smidighed af Ruslands nye tunge Strike Fighter.

De fire ‘Flankers’ ville vise deres kollegaer fra Astrachan og deres MiG-29 hvordan en rigtig luftduel skulle kæmpes, og den fik ikke for lidt, med tæt formation og masser af flares. Disse to luftdueller var en af mine helt klare personlige favoritter. De sluttede denne fighter finale af med at lave noget formationsflyvning, og til sidst et climb i formation, mens der blev skudt flares ud af ryggen på alle 4 ‘Flankers’.

Vi havde set de nuværende typer af VVS, og nu var det på tide at få et glimt af fremtiden. I talrige passager i formation med en to-sædet MiG- 29M2 ‘Fulcrum-E’ var den seneste tilføjelse til det russiske arsenal, Sukhoi PAK FA T-50 femte generation fighter. I en tre tonet grå splinter bemaling, fremviste ‘Prospective Airborne Complex of Frontline Aviation’ (PAK FA) sine stealthy linjer.

Pragt finalen!
Finalen til showet blev overladt til stjernerne fra Kubinka, nemlig Strizhi (Swifts) og Russkije Vityazi (The Russian Knights), der udførte præcisionsflyvning til perfektion.

Den fælles Su- 27 og MiG-29 formation fløj ind forbi publikum sammen og blev derefter opdelt i de enkelte teams, som begge to udførte fantastiske opvisninger, i både formations og soloflyvning – og ved hjælp af en masse flares. Især en manøvre fra 4 Su-27’ere der splitter op, flyver i hver deres retning og flyver lodret op, indtil de står stille i luften og laver et tailslide mens de skyder flares ud af ryggen. Imponerende, og mindre imponerende er det ikke når opvisningsholdene består af MiG-29’ere og Su-27’ere.

Mens publikum stadig klappede og The Knights samt Swift forlod himlen over Zhukovsky, var prikken over i’et på vej ind, i form af MiG-29’ere, Su-27’ere og Su-25’ere fra Kursk, Krymsk og Buddenovsk i deres ‘100’ formation, fulgt tæt efter med en formation bestående af ni Su-25 fra Lipetsk, igen i farverne på det russiske flag.

Dette markerede afslutningen på en lang, men imponerende dag. En af de begivenheder jeg altid vil kunne huske.


En Su-27 fra Russian Knight laver tailslide mens der bliver skudt flares ud af ryggen på denne ‘Flanker’ – hvilken en helt enestående opvisning det var.
“Endnu mere imponerende var at den blev overholdt til punkt og prikke.
Imponerende præcision
Imponerende var listen til det flyvende display, og endnu mere imponerende var at den blev overholdt til punkt og prikke. Alt foregik på minuttet som det var skrevet:
  • 10:30 Parachuting with the Russian flag, flags of the Russian Defense Ministry and the Air Force.
  • 11:00 6x Su-25 Flythrough
  • 11:01 ‘100’ Flythrough – 5x Su-27, 8x Su-25, 8x MiG-29
  • 11:02 World Legends of Aviation – Bleriot, Tummelisa, Po-2, TBM Avenger, F-4U Corsair, Catalina, C-47, Yak-3, Yak-9, Yak-11, MiG-3, MiG-15UTI Polikarpov I-15, Hurricane, B-25 Mitchell, Harvard, P-40 Kittyhawk & P-51 Mustang.
  • 13:11 Team Rus (6x L-39)
  • 13:27 Mil Mi-2 Solo demo
  • 13:34 Berkut Team – 6 x Mi-28
  • 13:50 Sukhoi Su-31 Solo demo
  • 14:00 Bomber Flythrough – 3x Tu-22M3
  • 14:01 Bomber Flythrough – 3x Tu-95MC
  • 14:02 Bomber Flythrough – 3x Tu-160
  • 14:03 Frecce Tricolori
  • 14:36 Transport Flythrough – 3x AN-2
  • 14:37 Transport Flythrough – AN-26
  • 14:38 Transport Flythrough – AN-140
  • 14:39 Transport Flythrough – AN-12
  • 14:40 Transport Flythrough – AN-22
  • 14:41 Transport Flythrough – AN-124
  • 14:42 French Rafale Solo demo
  • 14:51 Transport Flythrough – L-410
  • 14:52 Transport Flythrough – Tu-134
  • 14:53 Transport Flythrough – 3x IL-76
  • 14:54 Transport Flythrough – IL-80
  • 14:55 Transport Flythrough – A-50
  • 14:56 Red Arrows
  • 15:15 Kamov Ka-52 Solo demo
  • 15:23 Fighter Flythrough – 4x Su-24
  • 15:24 Fighter Flythrough – 4x MiG-31
  • 15:25 Fighter Flythrough – 4x Su-34
  • 15:26 Fighter Flythrough – 4x Yak-130
  • 15:27 The Turkish Stars
  • 15:28 Helicopter Flythrough – Mi-26, Mi-35,Mi-8, Kazan Ansat
  • 16:00 4x MiG 29 Air Battle
  • 16:08 Team Iskry
  • 16:40 Mixed Flythrough – Su-34, Su-24, Su-27,MiG-29
  • 16:41 2x MiG 29 demo
  • 16:46 Fighter Flythrough – 4x Su-34
  • 16:47 Su-34 Solo demo
  • 16:52 4x Su-27 Air Battle
  • 17:03 The Midnight Hawks
  • 17:23 3x Yak-52, 1x Yak-54 – “First flight”
  • 17:41 PAK FA Sukhoi T-50, MiG-29M2
  • 17:58 The Latvian Baltic Bees
  • 18:12 The Russian Knights and the Swifts
  • 18:29 ‘100’ Flythrough – 5x Su-27, 8x Su-25, 8x MiG-29
  • 18:30 9x Su-25 Flythrough

Opvisningen på Zhukovsky gav en mulighed for at opleve en bred vifte af fly sjældent set uden for Rusland. Det var virkelig en fantastisk begivenhed og en passende hyldest til 100-årsdagen for det russiske flyvevåben.

721 Squadron – Danish transport squadron

721 Squadron – The Challenger flight


Maritime patrol, VIP flights, and heavy transport applications are just some of the tasks that 721 Squadron handles.
In this article we look at the Challenger flight, and especially its main task of maritime patrol.
BY: SØREN AUGUSTESEN
721 Squadron
In the Royal Danish Air Force (RDAF), the job of air transport is handled by 721 Squadron, located at Aalborg Air Base in the northern part of Jutland. The base is also known as the Air Transport Wing Aalborg.

The squadron currently has a total of eight aircraft, divided into two types. To handle the heavy long-range transport missions, the squadron flies four Lockheed C-130J-30 Hercules aircraft. For smaller transports, VIP flights and maritime patrol missions, there are four Canadair CL-604 Challenger aircraft.

In this article we look at the Challenger flight and especially its main task of maritime patrol.

CL-604 Challenger aircraft
The RDAF received three Canadair CL-604 Challenger aircraft (C-080, C-168 and C-172) between 1998 and 2001. These aircraft replaced the Gulfstream III which the RDAF operated from 1982 until 2004. The Challenger was originally built as a civilian medium-range aeroplane, but the RDAF version is equipped with a lot of additional military-style equipment such radar and a comprehensive communications suite.

In addition to this, there is also the more specialized equipment used for the maritime patrol missions. The Challengers are typically flown in one of two configurations; either as a VIP transport aircraft or as a maritime patrol aircraft. In its role as a VIP transport aircraft, it carries members of the royal family, high ranking military officers and top government ministers around the world. In this configuration the aircraft cabin is equipped with comfortable leather seats.

For the maritime patrol mission, the cabin is less luxuriously equipped with two large consoles that are operated by system specialists.


The motto of the squadron shield “Ubicumque Qandocumque”, which means
“Anywhere – Anytime”.
Ready to go. The ground crew delivers the plane to the crew.

Pirate Hunting in Africa
721 Squadron’s Challenger aircraft have on several occasions participated in Operation Ocean Shield, the NATO led mission around the Horn of Africa. The purpose of Operation Ocean Shield is to hunt for the pirates operating in the region and to make it safer for merchant ships to sail through the area.

In the autumn of 2013, RDAF Challenger C-168 was deployed as part of Operation Ocean Shield. During a mission on 7 October, the aircraft suffered an engine failure shortly after take-off. The aircraft was able to return to base safely, but the engine could not be repaired on site and it was therefore necessary to send a new engine so the Challenger could resume its participation in operations.

Because the RDAF did not stock any extra engines for the Challenger, it was necessary to take an engine from one of the two aircraft that had remained at Aalborg Air Base. An engine was taken from C-080 and sent to the Seychelles, from where the Danish Challenger aircraft were operating. This meant that there was now only one Challenger left in Denmark and that had to handle all the tasks normally undertaken by three planes. This quickly proved impossible and therefore the RDAF started to explore the possibility of buying a few spare engines.

As it turned out, it was actually lower cost to buy a complete used aircraft for the same price as two new engines and as such it decided to purchase a fourth Challenger aircraft and put an engine from the new plane onto C-080 so that there again were two operational aircraft in Denmark. In February 2014, the damaged engine came back from repair and eventually C-168 and C-080 got their own engines back.

The newly purchased second-hand aircraft was integrated into the 721 Squadron inventory to relieve the other planes as necessary. It was also decided to keep it in a permanent VIP configuration so that the ground crew wouldn’t have to spend hours reconfiguring the aircraft between the VIP configuration and the maritime patrol mission sorties. The new aircraft was assigned the serial number C-215 and on the 6 June 2014, it was officially handed over to the RDAF.

Maritime Patrol
With just over 4500 miles (7300 km) of coastline and several busy international shipping lanes going through its waters, maritime patrol and surveillance is of great importance to Denmark and obviously, it is 721 Squadron’s primary mission.

In order to comply with international treaties, at least two maritime patrol missions have to be flown every week. These missions typically follow one of a number of predetermined routes which cover the inner Danish waters, the western part of the Baltic Sea and the North Sea out towards the Danish oilrigs. The main issue that the Challenger crew are on the lookout for on these missions are ships dumping oil, as this is not only illegal, but also poses a major environmental risk for the Danish coastline and marine wildlife.

On a maritime patrol mission, there are a total of five crewmembers on board the Challenger, namely the mission commander, the first officer, a flight Engineer and two system operators.

The mission commander has the overall responsibility for the planning, briefing and execution of the mission. The first officer’s job is to assist the mission commander in the cockpit during the mission. This can both be in terms of handling radio calls during the flight and also with flying the aircraft.

The flight engineer has a lot of different jobs to undertake during a mission. During take-off and landing, the flight engineer sits on a jump seat between the two pilots, where he assists with various tasks whereas during the flight, he is an extra set of eyes when an area needs to be searched visually. He is also trained to drop different pieces of kit from the Challenger, such as life rafts, markers or flares.

Speaking of which, the Challenger carries two types of markers; one with dye and one with coloured smoke. Flares are used during night missions and typically fired out at around 10,000 feet and where they will then slowly descend under a parachute. This gives the Challenger approximately five minutes to make a visual search of the illuminated area. Drops from the Challenger are made through the cargo door which is located just below the left engine. During VIP missions, the flight engineer acts as steward and waits upon the VIPs.
“The SLAR is the Challengers primary weapon in locating ships that are dumping oil.”
Visual scanning
The two system operators sit in front of their consoles in the main cabin. The left console is used to display data from the Side Looking Airborne Radar (SLAR) located under the belly of the plane. The SLAR is a SLAR 9000 and is produced by the Danish company Terma.

The SLAR is the Challengers primary weapon in locating ships that are dumping oil. The radar works by measuring the ripples on the water surface.

If there is oil present, there will not be the usual ripples on the water and this lack of motion will be picked up by the SLAR. These areas of oil pollution on the water’s surface show up as black patches on the radar screen. Besides monitoring the image from the SLAR, the system operator on the left console also has an electronic map showing the area they are currently flying over. This map shows all the commercial ships that are equipped with a transponder. Using this map, the system operator can, with a single click, see the name, speed, direction plus other information about the ship.

The system operator seated by the right hand console is in charge of most of the radio communication with ships and air traffic controllers in the regions along the route. He also controls the Forward Looking Infra-Red (FLIR) camera which is mounted in a retractable housing under the rear of the fuselage. Another of his tasks is to take photographs and video footage of any ship that is caught off-loading oil illegally.

Transferred to the police
Where a ship is suspected of dumping oil from the SLAR image, there is an established procedure for gathering the necessary evidence. First a screen capture of radar plot is made to show the exact location of the suspected ship. The Challenger then descends to low level and approaches the ship from the rear and makes a flyby, gathering further evidence in the form of photos and video footage.

After the flight has returned to Aalborg Air Base, the evidence that has been collected is transferred to the police, who are then responsible for handling the criminal charges against the ships owners.

Since the Challenger began flying maritime patrol missions around the Danish shores, the number of ships that dump oil in the area has decreased by approximately 80%.

When the Challenger aircraft are flying maritime patrol missions, it is possible that they can be contacted by Admiral Danfleet Headquarters and asked to assist in searching for people or ships lost at sea. This is a task the Challenger aircraft is very well suited for.


The two system operators held various positions during the flight,
but also complement each other if one is forced to leave his seat.
The system operator closest to the camera is responsible for radio communications,
and control of the FLIR camera, while the other monitors the image from the SLAR.
 
While on maritime patrols, it happens that the Admiral Danfleet Headquarters asks the Challenger aircraft to participate in the search for persons at sea. Here guides the Challenger one pilot boat to a man in a small boat, after he was found by the Challenger aircraft doing a SAR mission.

Search And Rescue
The search is done typically by a rapid descent to a lower altitude, typically 500-800 feet at a speed of about 200 knots, in the area where the missing person or ship is believed to be.

It then searches the area both visually and using the FLIR camera, flying a search pattern which is slowly expanded in the direction the missing persons or ship would have drifted with the wind and currents known to be in the area. This is a situation where the Challengers five man crew comes into good use. Everybody keeps a lookout for the missing persons and if needed, the flight engineer can drop a life raft and/or a marker in the vicinity of those in need.

When the missing persons are found, the aircraft descends to about 100 feet and make a fly-by to confirm that it is in fact the people they were looking for and to assess their situation. At the same time, the aircraft position is plotted and sent to the relevant authorities, who then dispatch either a rescue helicopter or rescue boat.

Intercept target for AVB
The RDAF maintains a Quick Reaction Alert (QRA) force, consisting of two F-16 Fighting Falcons at Skrydstrup Air Base in the southern part of Jutland. Their main task is to intercept and identify unknown aircraft approaching Danish airspace. The QRA force typically fly one training mission a day and if it takes place while a Challenger is on a maritime patrol mission in the area, the QRA jets will sometimes use the patrol aircraft to practice intercepts.

The Challenger aircraft are also used for maintaining Danish air sovereignty. This is because 721 Squadron is the only RDAF squadron who regularly fly over the northern parts of Greenland. Known as Air Group West, they operate from Kangerlussuaq/Søndre Strømfjord in Greenland. When flying the Challenger aircraft over Greenland, in addition to upholding the sovereignty, they also do maritime patrol missions, fishery inspection and drop equipment to the “Sirius Patrol”, the Danish Army’s special forces stationed in the northern part of Greenland.


It happens that the QRA planes uses the Challenger as “Interception-targets”.
Here are two F-16 Fighting Falcons in formation on the Challenge’s right wing.
 
The two system operators monitor the various systems aboard the Challenger.
Future of Esk. 721
With the new fourth Challenger aircraft in permanent VIP configuration, it will be easier for 721 squadron to meet the obligations which the RDAF has when it comes to the surveillance of Danish waters. It also makes the squadron less vulnerable if an aircraft must be taken out of service for longer periods of time, as happened with C-080 when C-168 lost one of its engines.

For the ground crew, this means that they will spend less time taking the marine patrol equipment in and out of the aircraft, which in turn will reduce the wear on both the equipment and the personnel.

FLYMAG would like to say a big thank you to HIF, GEA, FIR, KIM and Karl from 721 squadron, and Jesper Balle from the Air Transport Wing Aalborg, for their great help with this article.

CSAR – Combat Search And Rescue

CSAR – Combat Search And Rescue.


Who is going to rescue you, if you have to bail out of your plane far behind enemy lines?
CSAR is not a task for the faint hearted, they go behind enemy lines to rescue the survivors.
BY: SØREN AUGUSTESEN
Combat Search And Rescue
The Combat Search And Rescue (CSAR) mission, whilst being one of the most dangerous, is also one of the most important as it helps to provide the pilots who fly into combat zones with the assurance that if things go wrong, a group of pilots who are specially trained and motivated will come and get them out safely.

FLYMAG went to Davis-Monthan Air Force Base in Tucson, Arizona to learn more about the CSAR mission.

The Hog driver has started to climb aboard his A-10C, while the ground crew
preparing the “Tank killer”.
 
“The Combat Search And Rescue (CSAR) mission, whilst being one of the most dangerous, is also one of the most important.”
Davis-Monthan Air Force Base
The first airfield in Tucson was built back in 1919, but the rapid development in aviation meant that in 1927 it was moved to its current location. The airport was named Davis-Monthan after two pilots from Tucson who died in two separate aircraft accidents in the early 1920s.

The military presence began on October 6 1927, when Sgt. Simpson moved in with his fuel sales and workshop space. The first military customer was Jimmy Doolittle on 9 October 1927, and as is well known, he went on to win the Medal of Honor for his attack on Tokyo in 1942. The joint civilian and military operations ran until the early 1940s, when military needs resulted in a relocation of the civilian activities at the site.

Today, the base is home to a variety of units. During the Feid magazine visit in February 2014, the following units were noted amonst others:

355th Fighter Wing:
  • 354th Fighter Squadron (A-10C) – Bulldogs
  • 357th Fighter Squadron (A-10C) – Dragons
  • 358th Fighter Squadron(A-10C) – Lobos (shut down at the end of February 2014)

West Coast A-10 Demo Team 563rd Rescue Group:
  • 48th Rescue Squadron (Pararescue)
  • 55th Rescue Squadron (HH-60G Pavehawk)
  • 79th Rescue Squadron (C-130J)

55th Electronic Combat Group:
  • 41st Electronic Combat Squadron (EC-130H) – Scorpions
  • 42nd Electronic Combat Squadron (EC-130H) – Raptors
  • 43rd Electronic Combat Squadron (EC-130H) – Bats

943rd Rescue Group
  • 305th Rescue Squadron (HH-60G)

Due to the recent closure of A-10 Thunderbolt II units around the world, there are currently some A-10s at Davis-Monthan AFB which do not have tail code “DM”. This includes flights from Barksdale (BD), Spangdahlem (SP) and Osan (OS) air force bases.

What is CSAR?
In short, CSAR is the rescue of distressed people within a combat zone and this will typically be pilots who are shot down behind enemy lines.

A downed pilot will often be a good “trophy” to capture for the enemy force, which we clearly saw during the first Gulf War in 1991 when Saddam Hussein showed the captured Allied pilots for propaganda purposes.

Therefore, when downed pilots land in areas where locals will not greet them warmly, it is important that the pilot is picked up by friendly forces as rapidly as possible.
Meet Pedro! One of the 55th Rescue Squadron HH-60G Pave Hawk helicopters,
has been painted with a fine mustache, and has been named “Pedro”

“The first example of a CSAR mission took place in 1915 during World War 1. Squadron Leader Bell-Davies from the Royal Naval Air Service No. 3 Squadron landed behind enemy lines in his Nieuport bi-plane to rescue Flight Sub-Lt. Guilbert Smylie who had just been shot down.”
An A-10C Thunderbolt II taxis out from its sunshelter for another mission.
The missions
As was said before, another important part of the CSAR mission is to give pilots the extra peace of mind that should the worst happen and they end up behind enemy lines, then the group of highly quaified individuals that make up the rescue crews will come and get them out if it is in any way possible. This makes the pilots feel more comfortable and more willing to spend the extra time to ensure that the bomb hits the target with exceptional accuracy before they head to safety.

The first example of a CSAR mission took place in 1915 during World War 1. Squadron Leader Bell-Davies from the Royal Naval Air Service No. 3 Squadron landed behind enemy lines in his Nieuport bi-plane to rescue Flight Sub-Lt. Guilbert Smylie who had just been shot down. This showed that it was possible to save the downed pilots.

Over the next decades, during the various wars around the world, techniques and equipment to collect pilots from behind enemy lines slowly developed. During the World War II, many Allied soldiers who were forced to bail out over the English Channel were rescued by boats or seaplanes. The same was the case in the Pacific, where many American pilots were picked up by ships and aircraft too. Most of these rescues happened without hostile interference and this is therefore technically not a CSAR mission but “simply” a SAR mission.

Where the CSAR mission really came into its own and where many of the tactics and techniques used today were developed, was during the Vietnam War. During this time, the development of the helicopter reached a point where it was feasible to use it to search for and collect downed pilots, though in the early years of the war they still lacked sufficient engine power. The best known is probably Sikorsky ‘s HH-3 Jolly Green Giant which was known for the many brave rescue missions it was used in.

In the years after the Vietnam War, the HH-3 was phased out in favor of the HH-53 and HH-60G Pave Hawk helicopters, both of which were used during the first Gulf War in 1991. The Pave Hawk has also been active in all subsequent conflicts. At Davis-Monthan AFB, the HH-60G is being flown by the 55th Rescue Squadron.

HH-60G Pave Hawk
The HH-60G Pave Hawk helicopter is a development of Sikorsky’s UH-60 Blackhawk . Its primary task is to provide armed rescue services in hostile areas during both day and night.

Some of the upgrades that change a UH-60 Black Hawk into a HH-60G Pave Hawk are an air refueling probe, extra fuel tanks in the cabin that double the fuel capacity, 12.7mm machine guns on both sides of the cabin, an improved internal navigation system, satellite communications, secure data communications (Link 16), a night vision compatible cockpit and infra-red camera.

On a CSAR mission, the crew comprises a first pilot, second pilot, a flight engineer (who also mans one machine gun), a gunner and up to three Para Rescue Jumpers also known as PJs. It is the PJ who leaves the helicopter to pick up the person(s) if they cannot be lifted off by making their own way into the helicopter.

In addition, the helicopter can be outfitted with different equipment that can be used to free trapped persons from crashed aircraft.


After all checks are complete, then the A-10C Thunderbolt II from the 357th Fighter Squadron is being guided out of the shelter.
 
“Some years ago the USAF began an update program of the A-10 fleet. It comprised of new strengthened wings and an upgrade of the aircraft’s electronics.”
Two HH-60G Pave Hawks fly back to the survivors.

A-10C Thunderbolt II
Most people who are interested in military aviation know of the fearsome Fairchild Republic A-10 Thunderbolt II. This plane was specifically designed to provide air support for ground troops and literally built around the amazing General Electric GAU-8 Avenger seven barrelled 30mm Gatling gun. In addition, the plane was designed to operate in areas where it would come under heavy enemy fire.

Hence, it was heavily armoured, all important parts have backup systems including in some cases triplicate sytems. For example, two hydraulic systems are used to operate the control surfaces and these run in different parts of the plane in order to reduce the risk of both systems being hit simultaneously.

However, should this happen, the aircraft has an emergency system where it can be flown with traditional cabling. This older system is designed to give the pilot enough control of the aircraft to reach to a relatively safe place where he can then elect to land or eject in a safer manner.

Some years ago the USAF began an update program of the A-10 fleet. It comprised of new strengthened wings and an upgrade of the aircraft’s electronics. This update, known as A-10C gave the aircraft the ability to use new “smart bombs” such as the GPS guided JDAM.

In addition, the aircraft can now utilise modern targeting facilities, for example the Sniper pod, which enhance the flight options to search for and select targets on the ground. The update has also brought the plane from the analog into the digital era and has given the A-10 modern data links and secure satellite communications so that the pilot can now exchange vast amounts of information with other aircraft in the area.

357th Fighter Squadron
During FLYMAG magazine’s visit to Davis-Monthan AFB, we visited the 357th Fighter Squadron which is responsible for training new A-10 pilots and new instructor pilots as well as maintaining instructor status of the current pilots on strength.

The unit was set up in late 1942 at the Orlando Army Air Base in Florida and was first equipped with the Republic P-47 Thunderbolt fighter-bomber. The unit flew air support missions over Europe during World War II and over the years has flown P-47 Thunderbolt, P-51 Mustang , F-86 Sabre, F-105 Thunderchief, F-4 Phantom II, A-7 Corsair and is now back in the new version of Thunderbolt, namely the A-10C Thunderbolt II. The A-10 is not the first type used by the unit to train new pilots as they also flew A-7 Corsairs in this role.

The squadron has some of the most experienced and talented A-10 pilots and in 2012 was the overall winner of the Hawgsmoke competition, a competition for A-10 units which is held every two years. The squadrons compete in different kinds of bombing techniques and of course firing at targets with the 30mm cannon.


The high mountains which are well outside the city of Tucson, is creating a dramatic backdrop to the A-10 which is coming in for a landing at Davis-Monthan AFB.
 
“The unit’s motto sums up their mission very well: These Things We Do That Others May Live.”
55th Rescue Squadron
55th Rescue Squadron was established on 14 November 1952 at Thule AFB in Greenland and it stayed here until 18 June 1960 when the unit was deactivated. Thereafter followed a series of activations and deactivations on airfields around America until finally, on 22 January 2003, the unit was made resident at Davis-Monthan AFB where it has remained to this day.

The unit’s primary mission is CSAR and it has performed this task in a variety of conflicts around the world including the Panama crisis, the first Gulf war and the air war over Kosovo. The unit also performs other tasks including flights to supply disaster areas, anti-drug operations and civilian SAR missions.

Their training in CSAR missions makes them extremely proficient at performing civil SAR missions. As an example, they managed to locate a missing person in just thirteen minutes in an already explored area after civilian authorities had been searching for over a week.

The main reason for this efficiency is their in-depth knowledge of flying in pre defined scanning patterns, and the crew’s ability to spot downed people on the ground.

To perform CSAR tasks, the helicopter of choice is the HH-60G Pave Hawk which as described earlier, is a special version of the UH-60 Black Hawk helicopter. The unit’s motto sums up their mission very well: “These Things We Do That Others May Live”.

Execution of a CSAR mission
A CSAR rescue is one of the most complex mission types that exist. Partly because it typically involves many different aircraft and helicopter types, all of which perform various important tasks . Another reason is that missions are usually planned in a short period of time to be able to save the downed pilot before capture and that there may not be much data about enemy strength in the rescue area.

A CSAR mission is headed by one of the participating pilots, given the call sign “Sandy 1” – typically an A-10 pilot. It takes years of experience and training to be qualified to fly as “Sandy 1” and lead CSAR missions. A “Sandy 1” pilot must have a thorough knowledge of the strengths and weaknesses of all the other aircraft involved in the rescue operation so that he knows when and how he can best use them to get the mission completed as effectively as possible.

Because of the mission nature, where you never know where a pilot must be retrieved from and under what circumstances, it is a mission type that A-10 pilots train for a lot so that they can build up so much experience as possible.

They must be able to find fast creative solutions when they are in unfamiliar situations and as such a “Sandy” pilot typically flies ten CSAR training missions per year. This may not sound like much, but to make a CSAR training mission as realistic as possilbe requires coordination with flights from many other squadrons. In addition, training between the A-10 pilots at Davis-Monthan AFB and the HH- 60G helicopters happens on a weekly basis. There will also be exercises dedicated to the CSAR mission such as Angel Thunder held every year at Davis-Monthan AFB .
While the pilot slowly brings down the helicopter, the shooter is keeping an eye on the height out of the window. At the same time he also checks that the tail rotor is clear of
any obstacles.
 
While the pilot slowly brings down the helicopter, the shooter is keeping an eye on the height out of the window.

Getting to the downed pilots
A CSAR mission team typically consists of two HH-60G Pave Hawk helicopters, four A-10C Thunderbolt II aircraft, an airborne command centre, an aerial tanker and other fighters that are available to provide support to the land and/or air assets.

The four A-10 aircraft are typically divided into two pairs; Sandy 1 (mission leader) and Sandy 2 (his wingman), are responsible for supervising and co-ordinating the mission with the airborne command centre. It is also their task to locate the downed pilot and confirm that this is the correct person.

Which is of course a task an A-10 aircraft is extremely capable of thanks to its low speed and its phenomenal manoeuverability at low altitude. Its heavy armour and extensive armament are also a big help! A typical load-out on a CSAR mission will be two AGM-65 Maverick missiles, four bombs, rocket pods and a full load of 1,174 shells for 30mm GAU-8 cannon.

After being modernised into the new A-10C model, the Thunderbolt II aircraft has become far more effective in the Sandy role. The digitization of the cockpit and especially the addition of Link 16 data communications has made ??possible fast and secure sharing of information with other types of aircraft including AWACS and the HH-60G helicopters. All round, this has brought significant progress to the execution of a CSAR mission.

Although there has been no need to perform a CSAR mission for several years, it still remains a high priority and the training continues extensively to ensure that the crews are ready to step in if one day it suddenly becomes real and they must pick up a pilot from behind enemy lines.

The future for the CSAR missions
On February 24 the Department of Defense announced plans to phase out the entire A-10 fleet in the near future. What impact it will have on the performance of the CSAR mission is difficult to say. But the fact is that the USAF does not have a plane that can take over the role of escorting the helicopters into hostile territory, in the same way as an A-10 can.

Planes like the F-16, F-15E and F-35 simply can not fly slowly enough, or safe enough in the low altitude as it takes to escort the HH-60G’s. If the A-10 fleet will be phased out, and what in that case to take over its place will the near future tell.

FLYMAG magazine would like to thank Staff Sgt. Angela Ruiz, 355th Fighter Wing Public Affairs Office, Commander Lt. Col. Michael Curley, Major Alec Menoni, Major Joel Bernazzani and Major Daniel Haugh from the 357th Fighter Squadron and Capt. Christopher Karins, Capt. Thomas Steiner and Capt. Brian Dicks from the 55th Rescue Squadron for their great kindness and assistance during FLYMAG’s visit.
 
It is said that A-10 was designed around it’s big gun, and that it has been eye named “The Warthog”.

Red Flag – Alaska 13-3

Red Flag Alaska 13-3


Red Flag – Alaska is similar to the Red Flag held at Nellis AFB, in other words, a multi-service, multinational air combat exercise.
BY: SØREN NIELSEN
The cold north

Most who know about Red Flag will associate it with Nellis AFB just outside Las Vegas and the Nellis ranges in the Nevada desert and mountains. But it is not only here that Red Flag exercises take place. Red Flag – Alaska is similar to the Red Flag held at Nellis AFB, in other words, a multi-service, multinational air combat exercise. The exercise is under the control of the Pacific Air Forces in the U.S. Air Force. The exercise was originally known as Cope Thunder and began in 1976 at Clark Air Base in the Philippines. After the eruption of Mount Pinatubo in 1992, Cope Thunder moved to Eielson Air Force Base in Alaska and in 2006 was renamed Red Flag – Alaska.

From the beginning, the main goal of the exercise was to improve aircrew’s ability to handle the high level of stress in combat situations. While this intention has remained unchanged, the exercise has been expanded to, literally, “overwhelm the senses in simulated air combat situations”. Prior to Operation Desert Storm less than a fifth of the U.S. Air Force’s primary fighter pilots had flown in battle.

While the share of combat-experienced pilots has obviously increased in recent years, a high percentage of pilots at the time had no combat experience at all. Analysis has shown that most air combat losses occur during the first eight to ten missions. The goal of Red Flag–Alaska is to give all aircrews training in what to expect in these first vital missions in a safe training environment in order to increase their chances of survival if they ever have to fight in real combat situations.

Today both Eielson Air Force Base and Joint Base Elmendorf-Richardson (formerly Elmendorf Air Force Base) are home to Red Flag – Alaska. The exercise is a joint tactical air combat exercise which corresponds to the operational capacity of the participating units. In other words, the exercise often involves several units whose military mission may differ significantly from the other participating units.

The clouds are low and heavy over Joint Base Elmendorf-Richardson,
while this E-767 from the Japan Air Self-Defense Force taxis out.
“Analysis has shown that most air combat losses occur during the first eight to ten missions.
Red and blue
Red Flag – Alaska mission planners take these factors into consideration when the exercise is planned and organized so that the participants get the maximum amount of training without being treated less favourably than their opponents in the simulated combat scenarios.

Red Flag – Alaska participants are organized into a “Red” aggressor force, a “Blue” coalition force and a “White” neutral force that represents the neutral controlling units. “Red Force” includes air-to-air fighters, ground-control interception units and surface to air units to simulate threats from potentially hostile nations. These forces generally use defensive counter-air tactics directed by ground-control intercept sites.

Range threat emitters, electronic devices that send out signals to simulate anti-aircraft artillery and surface-to-air missiles, provide valuable ground-to-air threat training for the pilots.

“Blue Force” includes the full spectrum of U.S. and allied tactical and support units. When “Red” and “Blue” force meet in the simulated combat training area, the job of managing this simulated war and making sure everything is as safe as possible falls to the “White” neutral force.

On average, more than 1.000 people, and up to sixty aircraft are stationed at Eielson Air Force Base and a further 500 people and forty aircraft are stationed at Joint Base Elmendorf-Richardson for each Red Flag – Alaska exercise. Most participating units for Red Flag–Alaska arrive a week before the actual exercise starts.

In the time leading up to the exercise, the aircrews fly one or two training missions to familiarize themselves with the different ranges, get themselves physically and mentally prepared, read up on local flying restrictions and receive local safety and survival briefings.

In the two-week active phase of the exercise, aircrews are exposed to every conceivable threat scenario. The scenarios are designed to meet specific training objectives for each exercise and all units are involved in the development of the exercise training objectives. At the peak of the exercise, up to seventy fighters will be in the air at the same time and for a typical Red Flag–Alaska, two combat training missions are conducted every day.

The big airspace
All Red Flag – Alaska missions take place over the Joint Pacific Alaska Range Complex and in part of the western Canadian airspace. The entire airspace consists of extensive Military Operations Areas, Special Use Airspace and ranges. The overall airspace available for the exercise is over 170.000 square kilometres.

Since its inception, thousands of air and ground crews from all four branches of the U.S. military and the armed forces of several other countries around the world have participated in Red Flag – Alaska and Co-operative Cope Thunder exercises. In 2012, more than 5.000 people deployed to the Red Flag–Alaska exercise and participating aircrews flew over 4.000 sorties.

Aircrews are not the only ones benefiting from the Red Flag – Alaska exercise. It provides an operational training environment for participants from unit-level intelligence, maintenance crews, command and control elements and many others.

By providing diverse scenarios using common global threats and simulated combat conditions, Red Flag – Alaska gives everyone the chance to make the tough choices that are often required in combat.

Because of the major economic problems in the United States, many units in the U.S. had been ordered to temporarily stand down which also meant that Red Flag – Alaska 2013 was initially cancelled. However, this was changed and the first and only Red Flag–Alaska exercise in 2013, was held in mid-August at the twin bases.

More than sixty aircraft and 2,600 personnel from the U.S. Air Force’s active, Reserve and Air National Guard units, U.S. Army, U.S. Navy, Japanese Air Self-Defence Force, Royal Australian Air Force, Royal New Zealand Air Force and Republic of Korea Air Force took part in the two-week-long exercise, Red Flag – Alaska 13-3.
“The entire airspace consists of extensive Military Operations Areas, Special Use Airspace and ranges. The overall airspace available for the exercise is over 170.000 square kilometres.
An F-15K Slam Eagle, from the Republic of Korea Air Force, starting with afterburners.
It was the first time that ROKAF had crossed Pacific Ocean in their F-15K for an exercise.

A F-22A Raptor from Joint Base Elmendorf-Richardson gets some fuel,
before it’ll return to the heat of battle.
The Japanese and the Koreans
The exercise marked the first time Korean and Japanese forces had trained together, not only in Alaska, but anywhere in the world. The exercise also marked the first time that the Republic of Korea Air Force had flown their F-15K Slam Eagles all the way from South Korea across the Pacific.

Earlier, when the Republic of Korea Air Force participated in Red Flag at Nellis AFB with their F-15K Slam Eagles, the aircraft were brand new and came directly from Boeing’s plant in St. Louis.

Japanese Air Self-Defence Force participated with their version of the F-15, the Mitsubishi F-15J Eagle, a Boeing E-767 AWACS, and three C-130 Hercules. The Royal Australian Air Force participated with two E-7A Wedgetail (Boeing 737 AEW & C). Other units participating in the Red Flag – Alaska 13-3 were:
  • F-16C, 18th Aggressor Squadron, Eielson Air Force Base
  • F-16CM, 100th Fighter Squadron, Alabama Air National Guard, Montgomery Air National Guard Base
  • A-10, 163rd Fighter Squadron, Indiana Air National Guard, Fort Wayne Air National Guard Station
  • EA-18G, VAQ-132, NAS Whidbey Island
  • F/A-18C, VFA-113, NAS Lemoore
  • KC-135, 909th Air Refueling Squadron, Kadena Air Force Base
  • KC-135, 96th Air Refueling Squadron, Hickam Air Force Base
  • KC-135, 168th Air Refueling Wing, Alaska Air National Guard, Eielson Air Force Base
  • KC-130J, VMGR-352, MCAS Miramar
  • HH-60G, 210th Rescue Squadron, Alaska Air National Guard, Joint Base Elmendorf-Richardson
  • F-22A, 90th Fighter Squadron, Joint Base Elmendorf-Richardson
  • E-3, 962nd Airborne Air Control Squadron, Joint Base Elmendorf-Richardson
  • C-17, 517th Airlift Squadron, Joint Base Elmendorf-Richardson
  • EC-130H, 41st Electronic Combat Squadron, Davis-Monthan Air Force Base

Never leave an Airman behind
Red Flag – Alaska is not just about the two opposing forces meeting in simulated air combat. “Never leave an Airman behind” is the motto of the two U.S. Air Force HH-60 Pave Hawk helicopters from the 210th Rescue Squadron at Eielson Air Force Base, Alaska. During the exercise, they were sent to rescue a simulated downed pilot who was randomly chosen from one of the participating units.

A-10 Thunderbolt IIs from the 163th Fighter Squadron, Indiana Air National Guard based at Ft. Wayne, Indiana participated in the search for the downed pilot by first locating the him and then securing the area until the HH-60 Pave Hawk helicopters moved in for the safe pick-up.

The last mission of the exercise was when one of the local C-17A Globemaster III from Joint Base Elmendorf-Richardson had to be escorted through hostile territory by the “Blue” force. The mission, in all its simplicity, was to protect the Globemaster so it could fly to a drop zone and drop support equipment for the ground forces.

Two F-15K are flying on the wing of the tanker, waiting for their turn to get some gas!
 
Two F-15J from JASDF, taxis out to start another mission during Red Flag Alaska 13-3.


The airdrop
After the airdrop, the Globemaster had to make ​​a tactical landing on a dirt-field at Fort Greely to pick up some cargo, which in this instance was simulated by empty water barrels and finally return safely to Joint Base Elmendorf-Richardson.

A big thanks to MSgt. Jason M. Vaught, Public Affairs Eielson Air Force Base, SSgt Chris Huber, Kadena Air Force Base, and SSgt William Banton, Media Operations Specialist / NCOIC of Social Media Joint Base Elmendorf-Richardson for helping with the making of this article.

Eskadrille 722 – SAR, og meget mere

Eskadrille 722 – SAR, og meget mere.


Royal Danish Air Force Eskadrille 722 håndterer SAR tjeneste den i Danmark.
Det er dog langt fra det eneste som Esk. 722 laver.
AF: SØREN NIELSEN
Eskadrille 722
Flyvevåbnet blev dannet efter fusion af Hærens Flyvertropper og Marinens Flyvevæsen, den 1. oktober 1950. Den 8. februar 1951 blev de første fem eskadriller oprettet i Flyvevåbnet, heriblandt Eskadrille 722. Eskadrillen havde base på den nu nedlagte Flyvestation Værløse, og fungerede dengang som en let transporteskadrille. Eskadrillen rådede over Supermarine Spitfire, Airspeed Oxford og Harvard flyvere.

Eskadrille 722 blev i 1956 omdannet til en ren SAR (Search And Rescue) -eskadrille, hvis primære opgave, grundet det store antal havarier på datidens jagerfly, var flyredning. Der var 79 totalhavarier med 62 dræbte i perioden 1950-1955. Siden da har SAR været eskadrillens primære formål, og er det således også i dag.

I 1957 modtog eskadrillen de første helikoptere, 7 Sikorsky S-55 redningshelikoptere. Helikopteren havde en kort flyvetid, og dens primære opgave bestod derfor i at skulle samle nødstedte op, som andre fly havde fundet. I 1961 overtog Eskadrille 722 samtlige danske Catalina søfly, og de arbejdede for Geodætisk Institut i Grønland.

I 1962 modtog Søværnet de første helikoptere af typen Alouette III. Disse helikoptere blev en del af Eskadrille 722 frem til 1977, hvor Søværnets Flyvetjeneste blev oprettet som en myndighed under Søværnets Operative Kommando. Søværnets Flyvetjeneste blev opløst 31. december 2010, og AgustaWestland Lynx-helikoptere blev derefter til Eskadrille 723 I Royal Danish Air Force.

EH-101 igang med en landing, bemærk den åbne rampe.
 
De sidste checks er blevet gjort, og helikopteren er nu klar til at taxi ud til takeof.


EH-101 Merlin
Eskadrillen modtog i 1965 den første Sikorsky S-61 Sea King, en arbejdshest uden lige, som blev anvendt i 45 år – indtil sin udfasning i 2010, hvor den blev erstattet af AgustaWestland EH-101 Merlin. Den første af i alt 14 EH-101 helikoptere blev overdraget til eskadrillen i 2006. Seks af de leverede helikoptere blev overdraget til Royal Air Force (RAF), der allerede havde Merlin helikopteren i aktiv tjeneste, og havde et presserende operationelt behov for flere helikoptere end AgustaWestland kunne levere, blandt andet med indsættelsen af helikoptere i Afghanistan. Eskadrillen modtog i 2009, seks nye helikoptere fra fabrikken, som erstatning for de seks, der tidligere var overdraget til RAF.

En drøm for en pilot at flyve, sådan lyder det fra Eskadrille 722, når de bliver spurgt om, hvordan den nyeste helikoptere i Royal Danish Air Force, AgustaWestland EH-101 Merlin, er at flyve. Eskadrille 722 har siden 2010 fløjet den store EH-101 Merlin helikopter, efter at den overtog SAR rollen, fra Sikorsky S-61 Sea King. Med de 45 års aktiv og utrolig pålidelig tjeneste, har det ikke været nemt at tage over fra den gamle dame.

Det har ikke været uden bump på vejen at nå så langt, og meget kan man sige om EH-101 Merlin helikopteren, men problemerne har ikke ligget i, hvordan Eskadrille 722 har brugt, og vedligeholdt helikopterne. Problemer med motorerne, uforudsete revner, lang leveringstid, lande der nærmest opkøber AgustaWestlands komplette reservelager, således at resten af operatørerne ikke har mulighed for at få de nødvendige reservedele, da de ligger på et lager hos en operatør, og ikke er hos AgustaWestland, men ligger på lager hos en operatør.

Den nye helikopter
Som alle nye ting, er der nye rutiner og nye ting, der skal læres, og en hvis erfaring skal opbygges blandt piloter, mekanikere, maintenance/ground crew, og især planlægning om, hvordan man får mest ud af EH-101 Merlin helikopteren. Dette er igennem længere tid blevet bragt som skandaler i pressen, og helikopteren er blevet kaldt en skandalehelikopter.

Erfaringen er nu opbygget, rotationsplaner for hvordan eskadrillen får mest ud af helikopteren, er lavet, og de kan stolt sige, at Eskadrille 722 er en af de operatører i verden – hvis ikke den operatør, der har flest operationelle helikoptere klar konstant, og dermed får mest ud af det antal helikoptere, de har til rådighed.

Flere lande før Danmark købte EH-101 Merlin helikopteren, og stadig flere lande har efterfølgende købt denne store arbejdshelikopter.Følgende lande, udover Danmark, råder over og bruger EH-101 (AW-101) Merlin helikopteren:

Algeriet
  • Algerian Air Force
  • Algerian Navy
Canada
  • Royal Canadian Air Force
Indien
  • Indian Air Force
Italien
  • Italian Navy
  • Italian Air Force
Japan
  • Japan Maritime Self-Defense Force
  • Tokyo Metropolitan Police Department
Portugal
  • Portuguese Air Force
Saudi Arabien
  • Royal Saudi Air Force
Turkmenistan
  • Turkmenistan Air Force
Storbritannien
  • Royal Navy
  • Royal Air Force
 
Vedligeholdelse af helikopteren er blevet ren rutine for mekanikere,
og andet vedligeholdelse-crew.

Eskadrille 722s nuværende opgaver
Eskadrille 722 udfører til dagligt følgende opgaver:
  • Eftersøgning- og Redning (SAR)
  • MEDEVAC
  • Patienttransport mellem danske sygehuse
  • Assistance til skibe i nød (f.eks pumpe assistance)
  • Havmiljøovervågning, inklusiv optagelse af vandprøver til havs
  • VIP-transporter for regering og kongehus.

Eskadrille 722 har konstant tre SAR-vagter klar på henholdsvis Flyvestation Aalborg, Flyvestation Skrydstrup og i Roskilde Lufthavn, samt hvis vejret er meget dårligt, vil der også blive udstationeret en helikopter i Rønne Lufthavn på Bornholm. Her er de klar til at gå i luften på under 15 minutter om dagen og 30 minutter om natten

Hver vagt holdes af en 5-mands besætning fra Eskadrille 722 samt en læge. Besætningen består af en luftfartøjschef, en 2. pilot, en flymaskinist, der også fungerer som hoistoperatør, en redder der også fungerer som tekniker samt en systemoperatør, der også er reserveredder. En vagt varer ca. 72 timer, med rullende udskiftning hver 3. dag.

Search and Rescue
Redningstjeneste til søs er den opgave som Eskadrille 722 altid har været kendt for. Dette skyldes ikke mindst den store civile omtale af missioner af denne type. I 2005 havde Eskadrille 722 ca. 200 af denne type missioner. Besætningen samler folk op fra skibe eller direkte fra vandet.


Merlin helikopteren hvor den hører hjemme! Her ses den cruise i et hurtigt tempo
imod sin destination.
“Eskadrille 722 har konstant tre SAR-vagter klar på henholdsvis Flyvestation Aalborg, Flyvestation Skrydstrup og i Roskilde Lufthavn
MEDEVAC og Patienttransport
MEDEVAC og transporter mellem de danske sygehuse er uden tvivl SAR-flightens største opgave. MEDEVAC er typisk akutte patienter fra de mindre øer uden hospital, som skal flyttes til fastlandet med alt fra hjerteanfald, blodpropper og voldsomme forbrændinger til mindre benbrud og fødsler. Patientoverførsler er typisk fra sygehusene på Bornholm og Samsø til de større hospitalscentre på Rigshospitalet og Skejby Sygehus.

Assistance til skibe i nød
Redningshelikopteren bliver ofte sendt ud til skibe, der er i nød. Det kan ske, at skibet er sprunget læk og har behov har lænsepumper for at kunne forblive flydende. Til den situation kan EH-101 helikopteren medbringe komplette pumpesæt, som nedsænkes til skibet. Pumpesættet indeholder alt det nødvendige materiel, og en letforståelig vejledning, så besætningen på skibet selv kan få pumpen i gang. I en sådan situation vil helikopteren typisk blive ved skibet indtil alt meldes sikkert, eller andre redningsfartøjer er ankommet til stedet.

Miljø
Eskadrille 722 deltager i den danske miljøovervågning, ved at dokumentere og opsamle prøver af olieforurening i det danske område. Helikopteren medbringer altid kamera og olie-opsamlingskit.

Andre opgaver
Eskadrille 722 flyver blandt andet med regering og kongehus, når disse har behov for hurtig transport inden for landets grænser. Desuden har flyvning for politiet længe været en betydelig opgave for en del af Eskadrille 722s personel. Af andre opgaver kan nævnes otorekognoscering, demonstrations- og opvisningsflyvning og transport af større objekter i sling. I disse år bevæger eskadrillen sig dog ind i en tid, hvor også taktisk troppetransport vil være en del af eskadrillens opgavekompleks.

Fremtiden – Taktisk troppetransport
Med erhvervelsen af EH-101 Merlin helikoptere, opstod der en ny opgave for Eskadrille 722 – taktisk troppetransport – også kaldet triple T / TTT. Merlin helikopteren er en modulær helikopter, hvilket betyder at alle 14 helikoptere kan bruges til alle opgaver, den skal blot konfigureres til den mission, den skal bruges til. Det tager kun omkring 2 timer at omkonfigurere helikopteren fra en rolle til en anden. Der sidder et hoist fastmonteret på EH-101, og når den er konfigureret til at være i SAR-rollen, vil der blive monteret endnu hoist, som fungerer som backup, hvis den fastmonterede hoist fejler.

Dette er den eneste forskel på ydersiden, som skildrer en EH-101 i SAR konfiguration, med en TTT konfiguration. Forskellen er dog ikke så lille, hvis vi tager et kig inde i helikopteren. Der vil båre, og alt lægeudstyret været skiftet ud, og alt efter hvad TTT missionen går ud på, vil der kunne være plads til op til 24 siddende, eller 48 stående mand. Foruden det store indhold af personel, kan der også monteres våben på rampen, og ud af sidedørerne. Dette giver et helt nyt aspekt af muligheder for brugen af helikopterne, end hvad der før har været muligt for Royal Danish Air Force.

Royal Air Force har allerede udnyttet disse kapaciteter i missioner i Afghanistan, hvor de bidrog med support, og transport af både personel og forsyninger. Helikopteren kan også bruges til transport af større objekter i sling, hvilket vil sige, at der under helikopteren vil blive fastspændt et større objekt, dette kan være køretøjer, kanoner, forsyninger eller andet, som således transporteres i et sling under helikopteren.
“Dette er den eneste forskel på ydersiden, som skildrer en EH-101 i SAR konfiguration, med en TTT konfiguration.”
Merlinen bliver refuelet, så den er klar til endnu en mission i mørket.

Som en del af konfigurationen til EH-101 Merlin helikopteren kan der påmonteres let bevæbning, her ses et maskingevær monteret i side vinduet.
I udlandet for at træne TTT
For tiden har Eskadrille 722 to EH-101 helikoptere på træning i sydcalifornien, på NAF El Centro, hvor de har mulighed for at øve TTT i realistiske ørkenomgivelser, og har mulighed for at flyve meget hurtigt og meget lavt, uden at de generer deres omgivelser. Det er et spændende kapitel, der først lige er startet, i Eskadrille 722s historie. Det er naturligvis eskadrillens mål, at denne nye opgave skal løses med samme høje grad af professionalisme og fleksibilitet, som det er sket med SAR de sidste 55 år.

En stor tak til Helicopter Wing Karup, Eskadrille 722, Presse og Informationsofficer Jette Elkjær, Major A.B. Mikkelsen, Chef for Ledelsessekretariatet, Presse- og informationsofficer Christer Haven, Helicopter Wing Karup, samt Premierløjtnant Niels Henrik Jensen, Eskadrille 724, for at muliggøre denne artikel.

Kilde: Forsvaret.

Aggressors – Forklædt som fjenden

Aggressors – Simulering af fjendens fly


Aggressors fungerer ved visuelt, samt ved at simulere fjendes flyvere og systemer.
De gør det ekstra, for at træningen af morgendagens piloter, kommer til at være så realistisk som muligt.
AF: SØREN NIELSEN
Aggressors
Alle kan huske Tom Cruise som Maverick, og Val Kilmer som Iceman i filmen Top Gun, der kæmper for at blive de bedste af de bedste i US Navy. For at blive de bedste, skal de kæmpe imod instruktører, som kun har et i sinde, at være de værste fjender de kunne komme til at opleve i den virkelige verden. Disse instruktører flyver blandt andet A-4 Skyhawk, hvor Maverick og Iceman flyver i de store F-14 Tomcats.

Dette blev gjort da A-4’s flyveegenskaber kunne efterligne blandt andet MiG-17. Meget i filmen blev overdrevet, eller fordrejet i forhold til hvordan virkeligheden var. Men der var dog en form for virkelighed i deres scenarier, hvor der på TOPGUN kurserne, blev brugt aggressors til at simulere fjendtlige flyvere, både i udseende, samt manøvredygtighed.

En aggressor eskadrille eller adversary squadron er en eskadrille, der er uddannet til at fungere som en fjendtlig styrke i de militære “war games”. Det der gør aggressor eskadriller specielle, er at de bruger fjendens taktik, teknikker og procedurer til at give en så realistisk simulering af luftkamp (i modsætning til træning mod ens egne styrker), som muligt. Da det er upraktisk at bruge rigtige fjendtlige fly og udstyr, er det derfor erstatninger der bliver anvendt til at emulere potentielle modstandere.

“USAF konkluderede, at dets tab primært var på grund af MiG angreb bagfra, som man først opdagede da det var for sent. Det var derfor et teknologi problem.”
På disse F-5 Tigers fra NSAWC ses de “russiske” numre på snuden tydeligt,
lige som den røde stjerne på halen også ses tydeligt.
 
En F-15C Eagle i en blå, hvid og grå splinter camouflage fra 65th AGRS
laver finale drejet på vej ind til landing på Nellis AFB.


Top Gun
Den første formelle brug af aggressor fly til uddannelse var i 1968 af Navy Fighter Weapons School (bedre kendt som “Top Gun”), som brugte A-4 Skyhawk til at simulere MiG-17. Den store succes med “Dissimilar air combat training” (DACT), førte til en overgang af Navy Instrument Training Squadrons, der blev udstyret med A-4 i Adversary eskadriller på hver Master Jet Base.

USAF fulgte efterfølgende trop med deres første aggressor eskadriller på Nellis AFB, der blev udstyret med de lettilgængelige T-38 Talon.

I 1968 beordrede Chief of Naval Operations (CNO) Admiral Thomas Hinman Moorer kaptajn Frank Ault til at finde ud af hvad der skyldtes at de amerikanske luft-til-luft missiler, der blev anvendt i luftkampene over Nordvietnam, fejlede. Amerikanerne mistede omkring 1.000 flyvere i omkring en million togter, under “Operation Rolling Thunder”, som varede fra 2. marts 1965 til 1. november 1968.

“Rolling Thunder” blev en rorschach test for US Navy og USAF, der trak næsten modsatte konklusioner. USAF konkluderede, at dets tab primært var på grund af MiG angreb bagfra, som man først opdagede da det var for sent. Det var derfor et teknologi problem. USAF reagerede ved at opgradere deres F-4 Phantom II flåde, ved installere en intern 20mm Vulcan kanon (der erstattede kanon-pod’en under flyets bug), udvikle bedre luftbårne radarsystemer, og arbejdede videre på at løse de målretning problemer AIM-9 og AIM-7 luft-til-luft missiler.

I maj 1968 offentliggjorde US Navy “Ault Report”, som konkluderede, at problemet stammede fra utilstrækkelig air-crew træning i luftkamp og manøvrering (Air Combat Maneuvering – ACM). Dette blev hilst velkommen af F-8 Crusader enhederne, der havde lavet lobbyarbejde for et ACM træningsprogram siden “Rolling Thunder” begyndte. “Ault” rapporten anbefalede oprettelsen af en “Advanced Fighter Weapons School” for at udbrede fighter ekspertise i hele flåden. CNO Moorer var enig i denne konsultation.

Fighter Weapons School
United States Navy Fighter Weapon School blev oprettet den 3. marts 1969 på NAS Miramar, Californien.

Skolen blev startet ved hjælp af mange F-8 piloter, som fungerede som instruktører, som blev placeret under VF-121 “Pacemakers” en F-4 Phantom Replacement Air Group (RAG) enhed. Den nye skole modtog relativt sparsomme midler og ressourcer, og byggede samtidig sit pensum op fra bunden. Til støtte for sine operationer, blev der lånt fly fra andre Miramar-baserede enheder, samt andre enheder i US Navy.

Formålet med skolen, var at udvikle, forfine og undervise i Dogfighting taktik og teknikker, til udvalgte US Navy flybesætninger, ved hjælp af begrebet Dissimilar Air Combat Training (DACT). DACT bruger “stand-in” fly til simulere fjendtlige fly, så realistisk som muligt. Dengang var det især det russisk-bygget transonic MiG-17 ‘Fresco’, og den supersoniske MiG-21 ‘Fishbed “, som udgjorde en trussel for US Navy.

Topgun startede oprindeligt med at flyve A-4 Skyhawk, og lånte USAF T-38 Talons for at simulere de karakteristike flyveegenskaber af henholdsvis MiG-17 og MiG-21. Skolen gjorde også brug af Marine-bemandet A-6 Intruders og USAF F-106 fly. Senere blev T-38’erne erstattet af F-5E og F-5F Tiger II.

En F-5 Tiger fra VFC-13 på NAS Fallon taxier ud for at lege “The bad guy”
på endnu en mission.
“Efter eksamen, vil disse besætninger vende tilbage til deres enheder, for at give den viden de havde lært på kurset.
Dramatiske resultaterne
De aircrew der blev udvalgt til at deltage i Topgun kurset, blev valgt fra front-line enheder. Efter eksamen, vil disse besætninger vende tilbage til deres enheder, for at give den viden de havde lært på kurset, til resten af deres eskadrille, for så selv at blive instruktører.

Under den midlertidige pause i bombekampagne mod Nordvietnam (i kraft fra 1968 til begyndelsen af 1970’erne), havde Topgun etableret sig som et videnscenter i dogfighting, taktik og træning. Da flyve missioner over det Nordvietnam blev genoptaget, havde de fleste Navy eskadriller mindst en Topgun kandidat.

Ifølge USN var resultaterne dramatisk, US Navy’s kill-to-loss forhold mod Nordvietnamesiske Air Force (NVAF) MiG’er steget fra 3,7:1 (1965-1967) til 13:1 (efter 1970), mens US Air Force, som ikke havde gennemført et lignende træningsprogram, faktisk havde forværret deres kil-to-loss forhold.

Succesen af US Navy fighter besætninger retfærdiggjorde DACT skolens eksistens, og førte ti atl Topgun blev en særskilt, fuldt finansieret kommando i sig selv, med sin egen fast tilknyttet materiel, personale og faciliteter.

Det var først efter krigen i Vietnam sluttede, at US Air Force indledte et robust DACT program med dedikerede aggressor eskadriller. US Air Force iværksatte også et program til, der skulle simulere de første ti kampmissioner, bedre kendt som Red Flag, samt at United States Air Force Weapons School lagde øget vægt på DACT.

I 1996 markerede overdragelsen af NAS Miramar til Marine Corps også at Topgun blev en del af Naval Strike and Air Warfare Center (NSAWC) på NAS Fallon, Nevada.

Aggressor eskadriller oprindelse
Amerikanske aggressor eskadriller startede med at flyve små og lavvingede fightere, der blev brugt til at simulere de potentielle modstandere, som de kunne komme op og kæmpe imod i virkeligheden. Oprindelig blev der fløjet Douglas A-4s (US Navy) og Northrop F-5’ere (US Navy, Marines, og Air Force).

US Navy og US Marine Corps havde kortvarigt 2 eskadriller F-21 Kfir aggressors på NAS Oceana (VF-43), samt på Marine Corps Air Station Yuma (VMFT-401). Disse blev efterfølgende suppleret med F/A-18As (US Navy), og specielt bygget F-16Ns (US Navy), og F-16As (USAF).

Siden i slutningen af 2005, har USAF brugt de større og hurtigere F-15 Eagle (65 AGRS) som aggressor fly ved siden af F-16 (64 AGRS) på Nellis Air Force Base.

Udenlandske fly har tidligere været brugt som aggressorers i USA, hvor blandt andet den israelske Kfir fighter blev brugt af både US Navy og USMC, der gik under betegnelsen F-21 da den blev brugt som adversary flyver.

Faktisk er sovjetiske MiG-17s, 21s og 23s også blevet fløjet af US Air Force som aggressorer over Nellis ranges, som en del af “Constant Peg” programmet. Den amerikanske hær flyver således også sovjetiske fly, i deres adversary uddannelse, herunder Mi-24 Hinds, Mi-8 Hip, Mi-2 Hoplites, og An-2 Colts.

Nogle aggressor missioner kræver ikke dogfighting, men i stedet indeholder missionen, at flyve relativt simple profiler til at teste målsøgning og sporing kapaciteter af radarer, missiler og fly. Nogle af disse missioner er udliciteret til private virksomheder, der opererer ex-militære jetfly eller små business jets i aggressor rollen.

Disse fly omfatter blandt andet L39, Alpha Jet, Hawker Hunter, Saab Draken, BD-5J, IAI Kfir, A-4 Skyhawk, MiG-21, og forskellige modeller af Lear Jets. Næsten alle de piloter, der flyver for disse selskaber har erfaring med at flyve kampfly, enten som pensionerede officerer eller stadig aktive officerer, der flyver i Reserve og Air National Guard.
En F-16 pilot fra NSAWC er igang med sin “Walk around”, inden han stiger ombord på flyveren.

En civil Hawker Hunter fra ATAC taxier ud til for at lege fjenden, imod en hel Carrier Air Wing, som var på deployment til NAS Fallon før de skulle ud på deres carrier.
Udenlandske flyvere
Tyske MiG-29 fly var regelmæssig besøgende i USA, før de blev solgt til Polen, og har deltaget i værdifuld DACT uddannelse på Nellis AFB, samt NAS Key West. En MiG-29 blev udlånt til USA til evalueringen, for at give indsigt i “fjendes” teknologi. Foruden denne tyske MiG-29, købte USA 21 stk. MiG-29, samt air-to-air missiler, reserve dele, og diagnoseudstyr af Moldovan Air force , for at de kunne undersøge og evaluere dem, for bedre at forstå hvad USA potentielt kunne komme op imod

Rygterne går på at USAF har flere MiG-29, samt Su-27 baseret på enten Tonopah AFB eller Groom Lake AFB (Area 51), som skulle flyve en form for adversary rolle, samt at de skulle være blevet brugt under flere Red Flag øvelser.

Mens flyvere til aggressor rollen er som regel er ældre jetjagere, har dette ikke altid været tilfældet. I midten af 1980’erne, fastslog US Navy, at de A-4s og F-5’ere fløjet på Top Gun ikke var tilstrækkelige i at simulere air-to-air kapaciteterne af de nyeste sovjetiske fightere, såsom MiG-29 og SU-27. På dette tidspunkt afholdte US Navy en konkurrence om en adversary platform, der kunne rentabelt repræsentere fjerde generation af kampfly, som f.eks. MiG-29, Su-27 og Mirage 2000.

Kampen om flåden
De konkurrerende flyvere var General Dynamics F-16C Fighting Falcon og Northrop F-20 Tigershark. Ifølge George Halls bog “Top Gun”, foretrak mange instruktører på Navy Fighter Weapons School at US Navy skulle anskaffe sig F-20, istedet for F-16C. Én af grundene hertil var den lighed der var med F-5E Tiger flyveren, der blev allerede anvendtes af Top Gun, og de fire aktive adversary eskadriller (VF-43, VF-45, VF-126, og VFA-127).

Dog prissatte General Dynamics deres F-16C Fighting Falcon under den reelle kostpris over for US Navy. F-16C vandt derfor konkurrencen, og dermed tabte F-20. Efterfølgende lykkes det ikke for Northrop at vinde nogle kontrakter. Dette førte til lukningen af F-20-programmet, og afskaffelse af endnu en konkurrent for F-16 på det verdensomspændende fighter markedet.


Ground crewset står og tilser flyveren, mens denne aggressor F-16 taxier ud til start.
“Disse flyvere var helt nye, som oprindelig var beregnet til Pakistan.”
Fighting Falcon til US Navy
F-16C, som blev indkøbt af US Navy var udstyret med den lettere AN/APG-63 radar, som var i de F-16A der blev fløjet tidligere, M-61 Vulcan kanon systemet blev fjernet og lukket til, og den havde “twin lens” pods pa° begge sider af luftindtaget til forstørre, den relativt lille radar signatur af F-16. Alt udstyr, der ikke var nødvendige for visuel- range luftkampe blev fjernet, for at øge dens smidighed og dog-fighting egenskaber.

Disse F-16 fik betegnelsen F-16N, og 22 enkeltsædet fly og 4 dobbelt sædet, der fik betegnelsen TF-16N, blev bygget til US Navy og fløjet pa° det berømte “Top Gun” Navy Fighter Weapons School. Navy Fighter Weapons School startede med at flyve dem i 1987, samt i US Navy eskadrillerne VF-43, VF-45 og VF-126, som stadig var aktive adversary eskadriller pa° det tidspunkt.

Pa° trods af at airframet var blevet styrket til at klare de mange høje-G belastninger, der er forbundet med luftkamp manøvrering, blev revner opdaget pa° vingerne efter kun et par a°rs drift, hvilket fører til groundingen af Navy F-16-fla°den i 1992 og fuldstændig tilbagetrækning af F-16N i 1994. I 2002 modtog fla°den 14 F-16A og F-16B modeller, der stod opmagasineret pa° AMARC ved Davis-Monthan AFB.

Disse flyvere var helt nye, som oprindelig var beregnet til Pakistan, men havde været opmagasineret pa° AMARC pga. embargo imod Pakistan. Alle 14 drives af Naval Strike and Air Warfare Center – NSAWC til brug for Top Gun foruden de F/A-18A fly der allerede er i brug af NSAWC pa° NAS Fallon.

Special bemaling
Aggressor fly i USA er typisk malet i farverige camouflage bemalinger, der matcher farverne pa° mange sovjetiske fly og sta°r i kontrast til de gra° farver, der anvendes i de fleste operationelle amerikanske kampfly. Camouflage bemalingen besta°r af mange farver, svarende til dem der anvendes pa° mange Sukhoi – SU, samt Mikoyan – MiG fightere, samt til de farver, der anvendes pa° mange mellemøstlige landes kampfly.

Dette gøres for at give piloterne der kæmper imod aggressors, en mulighed for visuelt at se hvordan eventuelle trusler ville se ud pa° himmelen, na°r der kæmpes. Normalt er det den standard gra° bemaling, som piloterne er oppe og kæmpe imod, og dette giver dem et vigtigt indblik i hvordan det ville være at kæmpe imod landes fightere, som ikke er farvet i de gra° nuancer.

Amerikanske aggressor squadrons
Aggressor eskadriller i de amerikanske væbnede styrker omfatter USAF 18th Aggressor Squadron ved Eielson AFB, 64th og 65th Aggressor Squadrons pa° Nellis AFB, US Marine Corps ‘VMFT-401 pa° MCAS Yuma, samt US Navys VFC-12 pa° NAS Oceana, VFC -13 pa° NAS Fallon og VFC-111 pa° NAS Key West, samt den berømte “Top Gun” Navy Fighter Weapons School (US Navy), som ikke er en eskadrille per se, men opererer F-16A og F/A-18A / B / E / F fly som en del af Naval Strike and Air Warfare Center (NSAWC) pa° NAS Fallon. Med undtagelse af NSAWC fly, er alle US Navy og US Marine Corps adversary eskadriller Reserve Component enheder og fly tilhørende Navy Reserve og Marine Corps Reserve.

USAF opererede ogsa° aggressor eskadriller i Storbritannien, samt i Filippinerne. 527 AS var en USAFE enhed, der først var placeret pa° den tidligere RAF Alconbury nær Cambridge, England og senere pa° den tidligere RAF Bentwaters nær Ipswich. 527 AS fløj oprindeligt F-5’ere, som senere blev skiftet til F-16. De trænede for det meste over Nordsøen, samt i Tyskland, Spanien og Italien.

Pacific Air Forces (PACAF) modstykke, 26th Training Aggressor Squadron, fløj F-5 fra den tidligere Clark Air Base nær Angeles City, Filippinerne. Disse squadrons er ikke længere aktive, og inden for US Armed Forces er det kun i selve USA hvor de i dag er placeret. Dog deltager aggressor enheder fra tid til anden i øvelser i andre lande, hvor blandet andet 18th AGRS fra Eielson AFB, som er tilknyttet PACAF, har deltaget i flere øvelser i blandt andet Australien og andre lokationer i stillehavsomra°de.
Et af de fly, som aggressorne prøver at efterligne, en Su-27 fra Russian Air Force.

Red Flag – Nellis AFB – 2012

Red Flag – Nellis AFB – 2012


En realistisk krigssimulator, er det nærmeste man kan kalde Red Flag. De røde imod de blå, de onde imod de gode.
AF: SØREN NIELSEN
Red Flag
Resultater fra US Air Force’s luftkampe under Vietnamkrigen, var i forhold til tidligere krige helt uacceptable. Luftkampene over Nordvietnam mellem 1965 og 1973 førte til et samlet forhold mellem fjendtlige fly skudt ned og antallet af egne fly tabte til fjendtlige krigere på 2,2:1, på et tidspunkt under krigen var forholdet mellem nedskudte fly og tabte fly under 1:1.

Blandt de mange faktorer, som resulterer i denne ulighed var en mangel på realistisk luft-til-luft kamps(Air Combat Maneuvering – ACM) træning. USAFs piloter blev ikke fortrolige i de centrale værdier og det grundlæggende i ACM pga. for stor tiltro til BVR (Beyond Visual Range) missiler og tilsvarende udstyr, hvilket havde gjort tætte luft-til-luft kampe en saga blot.

Som et resultat af denne BVR tankegang, der nåede sit højdepunkt i begyndelsen af 1960’erne, blev næsten alle USAF piloter og våbensystem officerer (WSO) i den periode uddannet i manøvrering og bekæmpelse imod forskellige fly typer.

En analyse fra US Air Force, kendt som Project Red Baron II viste, at en pilots overlevelseschancer i kamp steg dramatisk, hvis han havde afsluttet 10 kamp missioner. Som følge heraf blev Red Flag oprettet i 1975 for at tilbyde USAF piloter og våbensystem officerer mulighed for at flyve 10 realistiske simulerede kampmissioner i et sikkert træningsmiljø med målbare resultater. Mange amerikanske flybesætninger var også blevet ofre for jord- til-luft missiler under Vietnam-krigen. Red Flag øvelserne, gav også piloterne og WSOerne erfaringer på dette område.


De sidste solstråler rammer denne F-22 Raptor.
 
Denne aggressor F-16 fra 64th Aggressor Squadron er en af dagens kunder hos ‘Baja 51’, Red Forces KC-135 Stratotanker.

Project Red Baron II
Red Flag er en avanceret luftkamp øvelse, baseret på Nellis Air Force Base, Nevada og Eielson Air Force Base, Alaska, hvor det sidstnævnte sted, er kendt som Red Flag – Alaska, og er en efterfølger til den tidligere COPE THUNDER øvelses serie. Siden 1975, har flybesætninger fra United States Air Force (USAF) og andre amerikanske militære enheder og allierede taget del i en af flere Red Flag øvelser, der afholdes i løbet af året, som hver især kører i to til tre uger i træk.

Red Flag øvelserne, der gennemføres flere gange om året, er et meget realistisk krigsspil. Formålet er at uddanne piloter fra USA, NATO og andre allierede lande til rigtige kamp situationer. Dette omfatter brug af “fjendtligt” hardware og skarp ammunition til øvelser inden for Nevada Test and Training Range.

I en typisk Red Flag øvelse, finder man Blue Force (de gode) og Red Force (de onde), som kæmper i realistiske krigs situationer. Blue Force består af enheder fra US Air Force, US Navy, US Marine Corps, NATO og andre allierede lande. Af lande der har deltaget i Red Flag øvelser igennem årene finder man blandt andet: Australien, Belgien, Brasilien, Canada, Chile, Colombia, Danmark, Egypten, Frankrig, Tyskland, Grækenland, Indien, Israel, Italien, Japan, New Zealand, Holland, Norge, Pakistan, Polen, Portugal, Sverige, Singapore, Saudi-Arabien, Sydkorea, Spanien, Thailand, Tyrkiet, De Forenede Arabiske Emirater, Storbritannien og Venezuela.

Red and Blue
Red Force (de onde) er sammensat af 57th Wing’s 57th Adversary Tactics Group flyvende F-16 (64th Aggressor Squadron) og F-15 (65th Aggressor Squadron) for at give realistiske luft-til- luft trusler gennem simulering af fjendtlig taktik. Red Forces er også forstærket af andre US Air Force, US Navy og US Marine Corps enheder, der flyver sammen med 507th Air Defense Aggressor Squadrons elektroniske jord forsvar og kommunikation, og radar jamming udstyr.

527th Space Aggressor Squadron og 26th Space Aggressor Squadron støtter også med GPS jamming. Derudover kan Red Force kommando-og kontrolsystem organisationen simulere et realistisk fjende integreret luftforsvarssystem (IADS).

Et centralt element i Red Flag operationer er Red Flag Measurement and Debriefing System. RFMDS er et computer hardware og software netværk, som giver real-time overvågning, post- mission genopbygning af manøvrer og taktikker, deltager parringer og integration af range targets og simulerede trusler. Blue Force-chefer vurdere missions effektivitet og validerer erfaringer fra data, som RFMDS giver dem.

Et typisk år med ‘flag’ øvelser omfatter ti Green Flag (close air support øvelse med hæren), en Canadisk Maple Flag (kørt af Royal Canadian Air Force) og fire Red Flag. Hver Red Flag øvelse indebærer normalt en række fighter interdiction, attack, air superiority, defense suppression, airlift, air refueling og reconnaissance missioner.
“Et typisk år med ‘flags’ omfatter ti Green Flag.”
Solen oplyser topsiden af en ellers grå aggressor F-15C fra 65th Aggressor Squadron
drejer ind til landing.

Optakt til en flag
I en 12-måneders periode, flyver over 500 fly mere end 20.000 flyvninger, mens der bliver uddannet mere end 5.000 flybesætningen og 14.000 support og vedligeholdelse personale.

Før en “flag” begynder, gennemfører Red Flag personalet en planlægnings konference, hvor repræsentanter fra de deltagende enheder og planlægnings medarbejdere, angiver størrelsen og omfanget af deres deltagelse.

Alle aspekter af øvelsen, herunder indkvarteringsforholdene af personale, transport til Nellis, ammunition planlægning og udvikling af uddannelses- scenarier, er designet til at være så realistiske som muligt, for at hver deltagende enheds evner og mål udnyttes til fulde.

Red Flag 2012 – Nellis AFB
2012 bød på 3 Red Flag øvelser over Nevadas ørken. Øvelserne er så realistiske som muligt, og indeholder alle aspekter af moderne krig;
  • Fightere
  • Bombeflyvere
  • Multirole fightere
  • Tankere
  • AWACS / overvågnings flyvere
  • Electronic warfare flyvere

Ved hver øvelse er der normalt 1-3 ikke-amerikanske deltagere, hvor 2012 bød på deltagere fra Sydkorea, Saudi Arabien, Storbritannien, Australien, De Forenede Arabiske Emirater samt Columbia.


En F-16 fra 64th Aggressor Squadron er på vej op til den flyvende tankstation, for at få noget ekstra fuel så den kan komme ud og banke nogle flere ‘good guys’.
En B-1B fra Ellsworth AFB ryster sine omgivelser under takeoff under en Red Flag mission.


Liste af Red Flag deltagere i 2012
Red Flag 12-2, 23. januar – 2. februar
  • B-1B, Ellsworth AFB
  • F-15C, Louisiana ANG
  • F-16CM, Hill AFB
  • F-16C, Edwards AFB
  • E-3, Tinker FB
  • F-15C, Massachusetts ANG
  • KC-135, Macdill AFB
  • F-16C, Nellis AFB
  • F-15C, Nellis AFB
  • F-15K, Republic of Korea Air Force
  • F-15S, Royal Saudi Air Force

Red Flag 12-3, 27. februar – 16. marts
  • EP-3, NAS Whidbey Island
  • EA-6B, NAS Whidbey Island
  • E-2D, NAS Patuxent River
  • F-15C, Portland ANG
  • F-22, Langley AFB
  • B-2, Whiteman AFB
  • F-16CM, Ohio ANG
  • F/A-18C, MCAS Beaufort
  • E-8, Warner Robins AFB
  • E-3, Tinker AFB
  • F-15E, Mountain Home AFB
  • F-16CJ, Minnesota ANG
  • RD-135, Offutt AFB
  • F-16C, Nellis AFB
  • F-15C, Nellis AFB
  • F/A-18A, Royal Australian Air Force
  • Tornado Royal Air Force

Red Flag 12-4, 16 juli – 27 juli
  • F-15C, RAF Lakenheath
  • F-16CM, Hill AFB
  • B-1B, Ellsworth AFB
  • B-52H, Barksdale AFB
  • EA-6B, MCAS Cherry Point
  • EA-6B, Andrews AFB
  • A-10C, Moody AFB
  • E-3, Tinker AFB
  • KC-135, Fairchild AFB
  • F-16C, Nellis AFB
  • F-15C, Nellis AFB
  • F-16E, United Arab Emirates Air Force
  • KFIR, Colombian Air Force

Variationen af deltagere
Denne variation i deltagerne stiller store krav for både planlægningen, samt piloterne og deres crew. Det er ikke kun piloter og WSO der bliver trænet, men også support crews fra de deltagende enheder, der skal klargøre flyverne til dagens missioner.

Der er normalt to eller tre flyvninger pr. dag (undtagen i weekenden): Et eller to togter i dagtimerne og et om aftenen eller om natten. Til nattens togter er deltager der normalt kun ca. halvdelen i forhold til togterne i dagtimerne.

For Blue Force går øvelsen ud på at eskortere bombeflyverne sikkert til deres mål i Nellis Ranges, uden selv at blive skudt ned eller få skudt bombeflyvere ned. Red Force, som består af piloter specielt trænet til at agere modstander, har til mission at gøre livet surt for Blue Force. Når et Blue Force fly er blevet “skudt ned”, returnerer det til Nellis AFB, og denne mission er ovre for dette fly.


E-3 AWACS overvåger slaget til Red Flag.
En columbiansk Kfir bruger sin faldskærm under nedbremsningen ved landing
efter en af dagens missioner.

Overvågning af slagmarken
Når et Red Force fly bliver “skudt ned”, flyver det lidt ud af zonen og bliver genoplivet, da Red Force er i undertal. Hele scenariet bliver styret fra en E-3 AWACS som overvåger slagmarken, og styrer slagets gang. Blue Force kan desuden få support fra bla. E-2 Hawkey, EA-6B Prowler, U-2S Dragon Lady, EA-18G Growler, forskellige drones og andre electronic warfare flyvere og overvågnings flyvere.

Hovedparten af flyverne bruger mere brændstof på langdistance missionerne end det de har med på en enkelt optankning. Hvilket resulterer i at de skal tanke mens slaget står på. USAF stiller med 3-4 KC-135 Startotankere, hvor Blue Force normalt har 2 KC-135’ere til rådighed og Red Force har en enkelt.

Nogle deltagere har deres egne tankere med, da de har andre systemer end dem som USAF stiller til rådighed.

Eksotiske deltagere
F.eks. deltog Indien med deres SU-30MKI, hvor de havde en Il-76MKI med til at lufttanke deres Flankers, og Columbia havde en 707 og en 767 med til at lufttanke deres KFIR.

Red Flag handler ikke kun omkring luft kampe, men også om overlevelsen hvis du skulle blive skudt ned. En deltager kan under en Red Flag øvelse blive udpeget til at være “skudt ned” før dagens flyvning overhovedet starter.

Det betyder at piloten bliver kørt i jeep ud til Nellis’ øvelsesterræn, hvorefter 66th Rescue Squadron og deres Pave Hawk har til mission at finde den nedskudte pilot og redde ham inden fjenden får fingre i ham.


En F-15S fra Saudi Arabien har tændt sine afterburnere under takeoff fra Nellis AFB.
“Red Flag handler ikke kun omkring luft kampe, men også om overlevelsen hvis du skulle blive skudt ned. En deltager kan under en Red Flag øvelse blive udpeget til at være “skudt ned” før dagens flyvning overhovedet starter.”

That others may live
To piloter bliver sendt afsted for at fungere som nedskudte besætningsmedlemmer med klassificerede oplysninger. De skal findes og reddes inden fjendens soldater fanger dem. Øvelsen kaldes for SERE for Survival, Evasion, Resistance, Escape.

Længe før de første kampfly flyver ud til området, pakker redningsholdet deres grej, ligesom de ville i kampzoner. I tilfælde af at der skulle ske noget for de medvirkende fly og personnel, kan de komme til nogle af de fjerneste afkroge af øvelsesterrænet på omkring 40 minutter, afhængig af belastningen og vinden. De svor til at fuldføre missionen “that others may live”.

En stor tak til 99th Air Base Wing Public Affairs, Nellis AFB og 92nd Air Refuel Wing, Fairchild AFB for at gøre denne artikel mulig.